The Politics of Racism by Ann Gomer Sunahara

Bibliography

Primary Sources

Copies of Primary Sources were deposited in 2019 at the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre, 6688 Southoaks Crescent, Burnaby, British Columbia V5E 4M7, Canada

Government Documents: Unpublished

Canada, British Columbia Security Commission. Report. Mimeographed. 1942.

Canada, Department of Justice. Evidence Re the Japanese Inquiry at Vancouver B.C., 1942. Mimeographed. 1943.

Canada, Department of Labour. Report on the Administration of Japanese Affairs, 1942-1944. Mimeographed. 1944.

Canada, Department of Labour. Report on the Re-establishment of Japanese in Canada, 1944-1946. Mimeographed. Ottawa: January 1947.

Canada, Japanese Fishing Vessel Disposal Committee. Final Report, Mimeographed. 1942.

Canada, Royal Commission into Provisions Made for Persons of the Japanese Race. Report. Mimeographed. 1944.

Canada, Royal Commission to Investigate the Complaints of Canadian Citizens of Japanese Origin. Report. Mimeographed. 1950.

Government Documents: Published

Canada, Department of External Affairs. Documents: External Relations, Vol.12, 1946. Ottawa: 1977.

Canada, Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Eighth Census of Canada, 1941, Ottawa: 1948.

Canada, House of Commons. Debates, Ottawa: 1936, 1942-48.

Canada, House of Commons, Special Committee on Elections and Franchise Acts, Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence, 1937, Ottawa: King's Printer, 1938.

Canada, Standing Committee on Public Accounts. Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence, 1947, Ottawa: 1948.

United States, Commission on the Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Personal Justice Denied: The Report of the Commission on the Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, U.S. Government Printing Office, December, 1982.

Manuscript Collections

F. Andrew Brewin Papers, Public Archives of Canada (PAC)

British Columbia Security Commission (BCSC) Papers, PAC

Rev. W.P. Bunt Papers, Vancouver Theological College Archives (VTCA)

Department of External Affairs Papers, DEA

Department of Finance Papers, PAC

Department of Fisheries Records, Department of Fisheries Archives (DFA)

Department of Labour Papers, PAC

Department of National Defence Papers, PAC, DND

Department of State Papers, National Archives (NA)

Japanese Canadian Citizens' Association (JCCA) Papers, PAC

William Lyon Mackenzie King Papers, PAC

Muriel Fujiwara Kitagawa Papers, PAC

Angus MacInnis Collection, University of British Columbia (UBC)

Ian Alistair Mackenzie Papers, PAC

Rev. G. Nakayama Papers, PAC

Rev. Yoshio Ono Papers, UBC

Pacific Command Papers, PAC

T. Duff Patullo Papers, Provincial Archives of British Columbia (PABC)

Privy Council Office Records, PAC

Premiers' Papers, Provincial Archives of Alberta (PAA)

J.L. Ralston Papers, PAC

Robert Y. Shimoda Papers, UBC

Jitaro Charlie Tanaka Papers, UBC

June K. Tanaka Papers, PAC

Tokikazu Tanaka Papers, UBC

Takaichi Umezaki Papers, UBC

Newspapers and Magazines

New Canadian, 1941-50.

Maclean's. 1946.

Nakusp Arrow Lakes News. 1942-43.

Nisei Affairs. 1945-47.

Toronto Globe and Mail. 1950.

Vancouver Daily Province. 1941-42.

Vancouver Sun. 1941-48.

Interviews

Recorded interviews were deposited in 2019 at the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre, 6688 Southoaks Crescent, Burnaby, British Columbia V5E 4M7, Canada

By the Author:

Tsunebaru and Grace Amadatsu, Winnipeg, Man.

John Aihoshi, St. Thomas, Ont.

Tak and Rose Aihoshi, Montreal, Que.

Dr. Henry F. Angus, Vancouver, B.C.

F. Andrew Brewin, Q.C., M.P., Ottawa, Ont.

The Rt. Hon. J. G. Diefenbaker, M.P., P.C., Ottawa, Ont.

The Hon. Thomas C. Douglas, M.P., P.C., Ottawa, Ont.

Robert England, Victoria, B.C.

Frank Ernst, Winnipeg, Man.

Rev. James Finlay, Toronto, Ont.

Kiyoshi Hara, Geraldton, Ont.

Katsuko Hideka Halfhide, Ottawa, Ont.

Chu Hayashi, Thunder Bay, Ont.

Rintaro Hayashi, Richmond, B.C.

Ken Hibi, Thunder Bay, Ont.

Ichiro Hirayama, Winnipeg, Man.

Harold Hirose, Winnipeg, Man.

Mark Honkawa, London, Ont.

Tosh and Sumi Hoshino, Geraldton, Ont.

Hiro Kanashiro, Calgary, Alta.

Min Kanashiro, Lethbridge, Alta.

Kiyozo Kazuta, Vancouver, B.C.

Dr. Hugh L. Keenleyside, Victoria, B.C.

Sachi Kishimoto, Coaldale, Alta.

Edward Kitagawa, Toronto, Ont.

Stanley Knowles, M.P., Ottawa, Ont.

Thelma Kojima, Winnipeg, Man.

Mrs. Minoru Kudo, London, Ont.

John Kumagai, London, Ont.

Amy Leigh, Vancouver, B.C.

Helga Lougheed, White Rock, B.C.

John Maeba, Geraldton, Ont.

Aki Moriyama, Lethbridge, Alta.

Hanaye "Bunny" Nagamori, Winnipeg, Man.

Yuki Nakamura, Toronto, Ont.

Kimaki Nakashima, Montreal, Que.

Rei Nishio Nakashima, Montreal, Que.

A. M. (Sandy) Nicholson, M.P., Toronto, Ont.

Fred Nishikawa, Thunder Bay, Ont.

Cheiko Nishiyama, Lethbridge, Alta.

George Obokata, London, Ont.

Tosh and Irene Omoto, Winnipeg, Man.

Ayako Otsuka, Lethbridge, Alta.

Kasey and Sachi Oyama, Montreal, Que.

The Hon. Jack W. Pickersgill, M.P., Ottawa, Ont.

William T. Sakamoto, Montreal, Que.

Seiku Sakumoto, Vancouver, B.C.

Asano Shigehiro, Calgary, Alta.

Hide Hyodo Shimizu, Toronto, Ont.

Kay Kyoshi Kato Shimizu, Ottawa, Ont.

Kunio Shimizu, Ottawa, Ont.

Dr. George and Sachi Shimotakahara, Montreal, Que.

Thomas K. Shoyama, Ottawa, Ont.

Miyoko Sunada, Raymond, Alta.

Dr. Fred and Grace Sunahara, Toronto, Ont.

Marion Hoshino Sunahara, London, Ont.

Carr and Sue Suzuki, Vancouver, B.C.

Mary and Hide Suzuki, London, Ont.

Setsuko Sunahara, Vancouver, B.C.

Toyo Takata, Toronto, Ont.

George Tanaka, Mississauga, Ont.

Jitaro Charlie and Sumiko Tanaka, Mississauga, Ont.

Herbert and June Tanaka, Toronto, Ont.

Kinzie and Terry Tanaka, Toronto, Ont.

Sumi Tomonaga, London, Ont.

Marge Tsujiura, Coaldale, Alta.

William S. Wallace, White Rock, B.C.

Seijiro Yabuki, London, Ont.

George Yamashita, Montreal, Que.

By Others:

Thelma Hunter, Public Health Nurse, by Beverley Macpherson, Aural History Tapes, PABC.

Deputy Comnr. Frederick J. Mead, by Army Intelligence, 1944. Microreel 629A, PABC.

Lt. Col. A. W. Sparling, by Army Intelligence, 1944. Microreel 629A, PABC .

Ryuichi Yoshida, by Maya Koizumi, Aural History Tapes, PABC.

Secondary Sources

Books

Adachi, Ken. The Enemy That Never Was: A History of the Japanese Canadians. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1976.

Angus, Henry F. Canada and the Far East, 1940-1953. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1953.

Beck, J. M. Pendulum of Power: Canada's Federal Elections. Scarborough, Ont.: Prentice-Hall, 1968.

Bettleheim, Bruno. The Informed Heart: Autonomy in a Mass Age. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1960.

Broadfoot, Barry. Years of Sorrow, Years of Shame: The Story of Japanese Canadians in World War II, Toronto: Doubleday, 1977.

Cash, Gwen. A Million Miles From Ottawa, Toronto: Macmillan, 1942.

Conrat, Masie and Richard. Executive Order 9066: The Internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1972.

Daniels, Roger. Concentration Camps U.S.A.: Japanese Americans in World War II, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.

Daniels, Roger. The Decision to Relocate the Japanese Americans. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1975.

Daniels, Roger. The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion. Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1966.

Granatstein, J. L. Conscription in the Second World War, 1939-1945, Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1969.

Grodzins, Morton. Americans Betrayed: Politics and the Japanese Evacuation, Chicago: University of Chicago, 1949.

Higham, John. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925, New York: Antheneum, 1975.

Hofstadter, Richard. Social Darwinism in American Thought, Boston: Beacon Press, 1972.

Houston, Jeanne W., and Houston, J. D. Farewell to Manzanar, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973.

Hughes, David, and Kallen, Evelyn. The Anatomy of Racism: Dimensions. Montreal: Harvest Books, 1974.

Hutchinson, Bruce. The Incredible Canadian: A Candid Portrait of Mackenzie King, Toronto: Longmans, 1970.

Peter Irons, Justice at War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases, Oxford University Press, 1993.

Ishida, Takeshi. Japanese Society. New York: Random House, 1971.

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Ito, Roy, We Went to War: The Story of the Japanese Canadians Who Served During the First and Second World Wars, Canada's Wings, Stittsville, Ontario, 1984

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Kitano, Harry H. L. Japanese Americans: The Evolution of a Subculture, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969.

Knight, Rolf, and Koizumi, Maya. A Man of Our Times: The Life-History of a Japanese Canadian Fisherman, Vancouver: New Star Books, 1976.

Kobayashi, Cassandra and Miki, Roy, eds, Spirit of Redress: Japanese Canadians in Conference, JC Publications, Vancouver, 1989;

Kogawa, Joy, Obasan, Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1981

Kogawa, Joy, Itsuka, Viking Press, 1992.

La Violette, Forrest E. The Canadian Japanese in World War II. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1948.

Marlatt, Daphne. Steveston Recollected: A Japanese Canadian History, Victoria: Provincial Archives of British Columbia, 1975.

Miki, Roy and Kobayashi, Cassandra, Justice in Our Time: The Japanese Canadian Redress Settlement, Talonbooks, Vancouver, 1991

Miki, Roy, ed. Redress for Japanese Canadians: A Community Forum, Vancouver, JCCA Redress Committee, 1984.

National Association of Japanese Canadians, Economic Losses of Japanese Canadians After 1941: A Study Conducted by Price Waterhouse, Vancouver, BC, Winnipeg: NAJC, 1985.

Neatby, Blair. William Lyon Mackenzie King, 1924-1932, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963.

Pickersgill, J. W., and Forster, D. F. The Mackenzie King Record, Vol IV, 1947-1948. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970.

Pope, Maurice A. Soldiers and Politicians: The Memoires of Lt. Gen. Maurice A. Pope, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962.

Shibata, Yuko; Matsumoto, Shoji; Hayashi, Rintaro; and Iida, Shotaro. The Forgotten History of the Japanese Canadians: Vol 1: The Role of Japanese Canadians in the Early Fishing Industry in B.C. and: An Annotated Bibliography. Vancouver: New Sun Books, 1977.

Stacey, C.P. Arms, Men and Government: The War Policies of Canada, 1939-1945. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1962.

Takashima, Shizuye. A Child in a Prison Camp, Montreal: Tundra Books, 1971.

Thomas, Dorothy S., and Nishimoto, Richard K. The Spoilage. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1946.

Thomas, Dorothy S. The Salvage. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952.

Ward, W. Peter. White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy Toward Orientals in British Columbia, Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press, 1978.

Weglyn, Michi. Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps. New York: William Morrow, 1976.

Yoshida, James, and Hosokawa, Wm. The Two Worlds of Jim Yoshida, New York: Wm. Morrow, 1972.

Young, C. H.; Reid, H. R.; and Carrothers, W. A. The Japanese Canadians, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1939.

Articles

Angus, Henry F. "The Legal Status in British Columbia of Residents of Oriental Race and Their Descendants." in The Legal Status of Aliens in Pacific Countries, edited by Norman Mackenzie. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1937.

Angus, Henry F. "Liberalism Stoops to Conqueor." Canadian Forum, December 1935.

Berton, Pierre. "Marie Went Back to the Dark Ages." Maclean's, 15 July 1951.

Daniels, Roger. "The Japanese." In Ethnic Leadership in America, edited by John Higham. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.

Daniels, Roger. "The Japanese Experience in North America: An Essay in Comparative Racism." Canadian Ethnic Studies, vol. 9, no. 2 (1977), pp.91-100.

Fowke, Edith. "Japanese Canadians." Canadian Forum, January 1946.

Hope, C.E., and Earle, W.K. "The Oriental Threat." Maclean's, I May 1931.

Ichioka, Yuji. "Japanese Associations and the Japanese Government: A Special Relationship." Pacific Historical Review 46 (1977): 409-37.

Iwassa, David. "The Japanese in Southern Alberta, 1941-1945." Alberta History, Summer 1976, pp. 5-19.

Lee, Carol F. "The Road to Enfranchisement: Chinese and Japanese in British Columbia." B.C. Studies, no. 30 (Summer 1976).

Livesay, Dorothy. "Call My People Home." In Collected Poems: The Two Seasons. Toronto: McGraw-Hill, 1972.

Palmer, Howard D. "Patterns of Racism: Attitudes to Chinese and Japanese in Alberta, 1920-1950." Social History, vol. 13, no. 25 (May 1980), pp.138-60.

Reid, Escott. "The Conscience of a Diplomat: A Personal Testament." Queen's Quarterly 74 (Winter 1967).

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Roy, Patricia E. "Educating the East: British Columbia and the Oriental Question in the Interwar Years.'' B.C. Studies 18 (Summer 1972).

Roy, Patricia E. "The Evacuation of the Japanese, 1942.'' in Documentary Problems in Canadian History: Post Confederation, edited by J.M. Bumsted. Georgetown, Ont.: Irwin Dorsey Ltd., 1969.

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Roy, Patricia E. "The Soldiers Canada Didn't Want: Her Chinese and Japanese Citizens." Canadian Historical Review 59(3) (September 1978): 341-58.

Sunahara, M. A. "Historical Leadership Trends Among Japanese Canadians: 1942-1950." Canadian Ethnic Studies, vol. 11, no. 1 (1979), pp. 1-16.

Sunahara, M. A., and Wright, Glenn T. "The Japanese Canadian Experience in World War II: An Essay on Archival Sources." Canadian Ethnic Studies, vol. 11, no. 2 (1979).

Sunahara, M. Ann. "Federal Policy and the Japanese Canadians: The Decision to Evacuate, 1942." in Visible Minorities and Multiculturalism: Asians in Canada, edited by K. Victor Ujimoto and Gordon Hirabayashi, pp. 93-120.Scarborough, Ont.: Butterworth and Co., 1979.

Sunahara, M.A. "Justice at War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases", 1985 Supreme Court Law Reports, Vol 7, pp. 559-568.

Sunahara, M. Ann, "Submission to the Legislative Committee on Bill C-77", on behalf of the National Association of Japanese Canadians, Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Legislative Committee on Bill C-77, March 15, 1988

Suttie, Gwen. "With the Nisei in New Denver." B.C. Historical News, vol.5, no. 2 (February 1972), pp. 15-25.

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Tanaka, June K. "Fruit of Diaspora: The Japanese Experience in Canada." The Japan Interpreter, vol. 12, no. 1 (Winter 1978), pp. 110-17.

Pamphlets

Black, Norman. A Challenge to Patriotism and Statesmanship. Toronto: Christian Social Council of Canada, 1944.

Black, Norman. From Citizens to Refugees: It's Happening Here! Vancouver: 1945.

Brewin, F. Andrew. A Review of the Property Claims. Toronto: 1948.

Fowke, Edith. They Made Democracy Work: The Story of the Cooperative Committee on Japanese Canadians. Toronto: 1951.

Norman, Howard. What About the Japanese Canadians? Vancouver: 1945.

Unpublished Papers and Theses

Canadian Japanese Association. "The Japanese Contribution to Canada.'' Mimeographed. 1940.

Iwassa, David. "Canadian Japanese in Southern Alberta, 1905-1945." Research paper, University of Lethbridge, 1972.

Liebich, Christopher. "The Coming of the Japanese Canadians to Alberta, 1942-1948: A Study in Public Policy and Public Attitudes." B.A. (Hons) paper, University of Alberta, 1976.

Makabe, Tomiko. "Ethnic Group Identity: Canadian Born Japanese in Metropolitan Toronto." Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, 1976.

Mitsui, Tadashi. "The Ministry of the United Church of Canada Amongst Japanese Canadians in British Columbia, 1892-1949." M.S.Th. thesis, Union College of British Columbia, 1964.

Nakashima, Kimiaki. "Economic Aspects of the Japanese Evacuation from the Canadian Pacific Coast." M.A. thesis, McGill University, 1946.

Nishihata, Jesse; Uchida, Kuni; and Nishio, Rei. "The Japanese in Montreal: An Ecological and Sociological Survey." Mimeographed. 1953.

Olyan, Stanley. "Democracy in Action: A Study of the Cooperative Committee on Japanese Canadians." M.S.W. thesis, University of Toronto, 1952.

Read, J. M. "The Prewar Japanese Canadians of Maple Ridge: Landownership and the Ken Tie." M.A. thesis, University of British Columbia, 1975.

Sumida, Reginald. "The Japanese in British Columbia." M.A. thesis, University of British Columbia, 1935.

Sunahara, M. Ann. "Federal Policy and the Japanese Canadians: 1942-1950." M.A. thesis, University of Calgary, 1977.